Laurent Schneider

Last day I wrote how to do it in AIX or Linux ip calc with ifconfig

It isn’t that different in PowerShell, the fun is to the calculation yourself. For translating 0.0.0.0 in 0, we can use [IPADDRESS].

Let’s try…

$ip = [IPADDRESS](
(Get-NetIPAddress -AddressFamily "IPv4" -InterfaceAlias "Ethernet*").
ipaddress)

$prefix = (
Get-NetIPAddress -AddressFamily "IPv4" -InterfaceAlias "Ethernet*").
prefixlength

The length and the ip of the current interface. In my case I have only one

PS> $ip
Address : 1677830336
AddressFamily : InterNetwork
IPAddressToString : 192.168.1.100
PS> $prefix
24


with a prefix length of 24, we need a netmask of 24 bits

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

which is

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 --> 2^32-1
-
11111111 --> 2^(32-24)-1

to do the math

$netmask=[IPADDRESS]([Math]::Pow(2,32)-[Math]::Pow(2,32-$prefix))
IPAddressToString : 255.255.255.0

let’s bitand

$netid = [IPADDRESS]($ip.Address -band $netmask.address)
IPAddressToString : 192.168.1.0


This error usually while you do something wrong. Wait, what’s an error when you do everything right?

Okay, here it is:

You install the instantclient 32 rpm

oracle-instantclient12.1-sqlplus-12.1.0.2.0-1.x86_64

On that server, you switch home using oraenv

$ . oraenv
ORACLE_SID = [oracle] ? DB01
The Oracle base has been set to /u01/app/oracle

You start sqlplus

$ sqlplus -v
sqlplus: error while loading shared libraries: 
libsqlplus.so: wrong ELF class: ELFCLASS64

Oops!? what happened?

This dubious made-by-Oracle RPM package simply created a sqlplus link in BIN.

lrwxrwxrwx.  /bin/sqlplus -> /usr/lib/oracle/12.1/client/bin/sqlplus

Then, oraenv did put ORACLE_HOME at the end position

$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/u01/app/oracle/product/db19c/db01/bin

Just change the PATH manually and you’ll be fine.

$ PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
$ sqlplus -v

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.4.0.0.0

Most *nix are different. I’ll start with a plain Linux output

ifconfig eth0
eth0: flags=4163  mtu 1500
        inet 93.184.216.34  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 93.184.216.255

to get the network ip, I just bitwise-and the inet and the netmask. To do it with the shell, I convert the ip to an integer and use the & (AND) operator

IP=$(ifconfig eth0|grep inet|awk '{print $2}')
NM=$(ifconfig eth0|grep inet|awk '{print $4}')

I get my IP=93.184.216.34 and NM=255.255.255.0 out of the ifconfig output

IPDEC=0;IFS=. ;for f in $IP;do ((IPDEC*=256));((IPDEC+=$f));done
NMDEC=0;IFS=. ;for f in $NM;do ((NMDEC*=256));((NMDEC+=$f));done

By converting the IP-base-256 address, I get IPDEC=1572395042 and NMDEC=4294967040 in decimal

NWDEC=$((IPDEC&NMDEC))

That’s simple. My network IP is 1572395008

Let’s print it

NW=$((NWDEC/256/256/256)).$((NWDEC/256/256%256)).$((NWDEC/256%256)).$((NWDEC%256))
NW=93.184.216.0

Thanks for reading me that far. Ok let blogger Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre tell you : If you’re still using ifconfig, you’re living in the past

ip addr

ip shows your ip, and ipcalc do the calculation

ipcalc -n "$(ip -o -4  -br address show eth0 |awk '{print $3}')"
NETWORK=93.184.216.0

The traditional way of connecting Excel (or Access) to Oracle (and other databases) is to use ODBC and TNSNAMES. You install an Oracle client, you create a connection and specify your tnsnames connection alias as server, here below DB01

tnsnames.ora
DB01 = 
  (DESCRIPTION=
    (ADDRESS=
      (PROTOCOL=TCP)(host=srv01)(Port=1521)
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA=
      (SERVICE_NAME=DB01)
    )
  )

But the file is often managed centrally and deployed to the client by the DBA via home scripts. The syntax is pretty ugly and very soon you’ll see, a space or a parenthesis is missing and the loss of service is complete…

When working with Windows, one guy may try to setup active directory resolution. Before Exchange 2003, the schema was extended and that’s it, it works. But later, Microsoft made things more secure, among others by disabling anonymous bind and probably later by enforcing SSL, and one day you’ll see, the connection no longer works. Also, the schema extension could not be reverted, so it is not a thing you do just for fun in production

While there are white papers and blog articles on using authenticated bind, I could not find any support note.
Note 361192.1 mentions :
When anonymous operations are disabled, anonymous operations performed against Active Directory will fail
And note 455031.1 mentions :
Configuring Non-Anonymous LDAP Access Prerequisites: – A working LDAP naming environment should already exist between a client and OID (not Active Directory)
While note 1587824.1 refers the white paper Configuring Microsoft Active Directory for Oracle Net Naming , it clearly states This document is provided for information purposes only
So when AD changes, chances are, you will get an issue. Maybe in 2020Q1 according to https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-us/security-guidance/advisory/ADV190023

Clearly, if you need more, you should go for an Oracle directory server like OID.

But if you need less? maybe you could go for easy connect (EZCONNECT). This is a zero-configuration setup that puts all the configuration out of the DBA tasks. So it seems to be better.

There are plenty of examples on how to use it, even with SSL and RAC and so on. In its simplest form you’ll use

sqlplus scott/tiger@srv01:1521/DB01

instead of

sqlplus scott/tiger@DB01

So a little bit more details but no more ActiveDirectory and no more tnsnames.ora.

But does it work with Excel and family? actually yes

You need to specify
Service Name : //srv01:1521/db01

If you don’t prefix with //, it doesn’t work.

Conclusion: if you are not willing to maintain local tnsnames and struggling with ActiveDirectory security enhancement, consider easyconnect but be aware of the additional slashes in the server name

In ancient times, ldapsearch could query ActiveDirectory without issues. In this examples, I used openldap client 2.4. Other tools may have other parameters.

$ ldapsearch -H ldap://example.com:389 -b dc=example,dc=com cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
mail: laurent.c.schneider@example.com

In Active Directory (AD) it is no longer the default since Windows Server 2003, unless you change dSHeuristics to 0000002 to allow anonymous access. Not recommended.
Anonymous LDAP operations

In normal case you’ll get :

$ ldapsearch -H ldap://example.com:389 -b dc=example,dc=com cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
ldap_search: Operations error
ldap_search: additional info: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C0907C2, comment: In order to perform this operation a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v2580
0 matches

Another widely used, simple, not recommended method is to use simple bind over ldap:389.

$ ldapsearch -H ldap://example.com:389 -D user001@example.com -w secretpassword -b dc=example,dc=com cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
mail: laurent.c.schneider@example.com

It authenticates your user, but it send the password in clear text over the network. Therefore, if you use simple bind, use ldaps too. Microsoft announced an upcoming Windows update in early 2020 that will prevent simple bind in clear text
ADV190023

So for sure, you should prefer SSL. You probably need or already have your pki root-ca’s installed. If you use OpenLdap, the TLS_CACERT is defined in /etc/openldap/ldap.conf.

$ grep TLS_CACERT /etc/openldap/ldap.conf
TLS_CACERTDIR /etc/pki/tls/certs
$ ldapsearch -H ldaps://example.com:636 -D user001@example.com -w secretpassword -b dc=example,dc=com cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
mail: laurent.c.schneider@example.com

That should be good enough to survive early 2020…

But, maybe you don’t like to put your password in a script at all.

One could use Kerberos.

$ kinit
Password for user001@EXAMPLE.COM: 
$ klist
Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_001
Default principal: user001@EXAMPLE.COM

Valid starting     Expires            Service principal
11/13/19 12:11:44  11/13/19 22:11:49  krbtgt/EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM
        renew until 11/20/19 12:11:44
$ ldapsearch -Y GSSAPI  -H ldap://example.com:389 -b dc=example,dc=com cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
SASL/GSSAPI authentication started
SASL username: user001@EXAMPLE.COM
SASL SSF: 56
SASL data security layer installed.
mail: laurent.c.schneider@example.com

A list of supported mechanism can be retrieved with the -s base option

$ ldapsearch -s base -H ldap://example.com:389  -D user001@example.com supportedSASLMechanism
supportedSASLMechanisms: GSSAPI
supportedSASLMechanisms: GSS-SPNEGO
supportedSASLMechanisms: EXTERNAL
supportedSASLMechanisms: DIGEST-MD5

If you prefer to use a SSL client certificate, it requires a few steps.

First you need to get one certificate. There are many way to this, like Oracle Wallet manager or Microsoft Certmgr, but you could well use openssl. Using a selfsigned certificate is not a good idea.
openssl.org

Before you submit your certificate for signature. You need to add a subject alternate name with the principal name.

cat /etc/openssl/openssl.cnf > server.cnf
echo "[client]" >> server.cnf
echo "extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth" >> server.cnf
echo "subjectAltName=otherName:msUPN;UTF8:user001@example.com" >> server.cnf

This is (at least in the openssl version I used) not possible in one step. You need to create a local config file (-config) and define a new request extension ([client]).

openssl req -new -subj '/DC=com/DC=example/OU=Users/CN=user001' -key private_key.pem -out server.csr -config server.cnf -reqexts client

Once you have your user-certificate and root-authority, you need to map your client certificate to your AD account
Map a certificate to a user account
In openldap, you then create your own $HOME/.ldaprc

$ cat $HOME/.ldaprc  
TLS_CERT /home/user001/cert_user001.pem
TLS_KEY /home/user001/private_key.pem
$ ldapsearch -Y EXTERNAL -ZZ -H ldap://example.lab:389  -D user001@example.com -vvv  -b "DC=example,DC=lab" cn="Laurent C. Schneider" mail
ldap_initialize( ldap://example.lab:389/??base )
SASL/EXTERNAL authentication started
SASL username: cn=user001,ou=Users,dc=example,dc=lab
SASL SSF: 0
mail: laurent.c.schneider@example.com

The option -Z means starttls. I connect plain to 389, then start TLS for ldap.

With this command, you connect to AD with an SSL client certificate

I could not miss this ! After offering free apex for non-productive usage (apex.oracle.com), free sql environment for playing (livesql.oracle.com), Oracle now offers free for ever infrastructure and database.

With a few clicks, a credit card (that won’t be charged) and a few minutes of patience, you will be able to have your own Linux 7.7 build and your own autonomous database (including backups, patches) and apex, sql developer web edition and more. All on the cloud.

I gave it a try. It looks awesome. You have a server with an UNIX account. You have a database running, I could even set the region to Zurich, so the data stays in Switzerland. You can run webservices via ORDS and access them with your phones. Unlimited possibilities.

It just made my day.

Of course, it is possible to upgrade to a paid version. If you use the free version and provided your private credit card, don’t be fool to try something you cannot afford /!\

SQL Developer WEB is by no mean as rich as SQL developer. You could see a list of tables and have a worksheet, but there is so much missing, like REST-enabling a procedure.

Still, you can do it with one line of code

create or replace  procedure u.getemp(empno in number, ename out varchar2) 
as
begin 
  select ename into ename from emp where empno=getemp.empno;
end;
/
exec ORDS.ENABLE_OBJECT(p_enabled => TRUE, p_schema => 'U', p_object => 'GETEMP', p_object_type => 'PROCEDURE', p_object_alias => 'getemp', p_auto_rest_auth => FALSE);
commit;

Now you’ve got your web service.

Doh!

Wait? That’s it?

try it

curl --request POST --url https***.eu-zurich-1.oraclecloudapps.com/ords/u/getemp/ --header 'content-type: application/json' --data '{"empno": "7788"}'
{"ename":"SCOTT"}

(as I have only one OCPU, I masked the url, but just post a comment if you want to see it)

Okay, you want a nice looking app with a few more clicks, just install apex
https***.eu-zurich-1.oraclecloudapps.com/ords/f?p=100:1:109634901295466:::::

There a huge difference between apex.oracle.com or livesql.oracle.com and your own database/apex/linux. You got admin rights (PDB_DBA) and productive usage is allowed/encouraged. This means a lot to me.

The versions I received are Oracle Linux Server 7.7 and Oracle Database Enterprise Edition 18.4

Now Oracle Goldengate 19.1.0.2 can manage 19c AIX Oracle DB instance. Linux has been out for a long time. Sparc is also available. For Windows, HPUX, patience …

download.oracle.com

$ ggsci                                                                           

Oracle GoldenGate Command Interpreter for Oracle
Version 19.1.0.0.2 OGGCORE_19.1.0.0.0_PLATFORMS_190823.0013_FBO
AIX 7, ppc, 64bit (optimized), Oracle 19c on Aug 25 2019 22:10:20
Operating system character set identified as US-ASCII.

Copyright (C) 1995, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

While most programming languages are accepting arguments as an array of strings, shell doesn’t

arglist.c

#include
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int i;
for (i=1; argc>i; i++)
printf("$%d=%s\n",i,argv[i]);
}


$ make arglist
cc arglist.c -o arglist
$ ./arglist one two three four
$1=one
$2=two
$3=three
$4=four


To do the same in shell, it requires some dynamic evaluation, for instance with eval
arglist.sh

i=1
while [ $i -le $# ]
do
eval ARGV[$i]=\$$i
echo "\$$i=$(eval echo \"\${ARGV[$i]}\")"
((i+=1))
done


$ ./arglist.sh one two three four
$1=one
$2=two
$3=three
$4=four


To further send the arguments to another script or function, it is important to take consideration of white spaces and file expansion (e.g.: *.*), this is achieved with double-quotes and the at-sign

f "${ARGV[@]}"


I recommend against using eval whenever possible. While less awesome, I would prefer something more verbose and without eval
arglist2.sh

[ -n "$1" ] && echo "\$1=$1"
[ -n "$2" ] && echo "\$2=$2"
[ -n "$3" ] && echo "\$3=$3"
[ -n "$4" ] && echo "\$4=$4"
[ -n "$5" ] && echo "\$5=$5"


$ ./arglist2.sh one two three four
$1=one
$2=two
$3=three
$4=four


Using eval is difficult and dangerous. The innocent may messed up with the quotes resulting in random effects. It is also a common source of code injection
inj.sh

eval x=$1


$ ./inj.sh 1
$ ./inj.sh "1; echo uh-oh"
uh-oh

Ref: Eval Injection

Having all connections string in ActiveDirectory is nice, but maybe you need sometimes to push it to an external system (e.g. DMZ or Linux).

echo "# AD" > tnsnames.ora
$o = New-Object DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher
$o.Filter = 'objectclass=orclNetService'
foreach ($p in $o.FindAll().Properties) {
[String]($p.name+"="+$p.orclnetdescstring) >> tnsnames.ora
}


goodies

A common frustration with standby is that your database is doing nothing else than applying logs. One may want to run some reports on it.

Usually, the database is MOUNTED and not OPEN. This means, apart from selecting from DUAL and performance views like v$$managed_standby or v$session, there is little you can do.

Possibly, you can cancel the recovery and open in read only mode.
SQL ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL
or
Dataguard edit database db01_sb set state='APPLY-OFF'

Now we can open the database

SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select open_mode from v$database;
OPEN_MODE
---------------
READ ONLY


Now we can query the database

SQL> select count(*) from dba_objects;

COUNT(*)
----------
22783

but not write

SQL> create table t(x number);
create table t(x number)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-16000: database or pluggable database open for read-only access


if you need to write, there is more than one way to do it. Either logical standby, or snapshot standby, or create an additional database and create database links and synonyms. My preferred option would be golden gate. But this is beyond the scope of this post.

A good option is to open it without stopping the apply process…

DGMGRL> edit database db01_sb set state='APPLY-ON';
SQL> select open_mode from v$database;
OPEN_MODE
--------------------
READ ONLY WITH APPLY


This good but is bounded to the Active Dataguard licensing option (EE).

There are also a few differences

One is that you cannot compile view on the fly.

Primary

SQL> create or replace force view bar as select * from foo;
Warning: View created with compilation errors.
SQL> create table foo(x number);
Table created.
SQL> select status from user_objects where object_name='BAR';
STATUS
---------------
INVALID

The view is invalid, but a select would compile. But not on standby read only
Standby

SQL> select * from bar;
select * from bar
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-04045: errors during recompilation/revalidation of BAR
ORA-16000: database or pluggable database open for read-only access

Primary

SQL> select * from bar;
no rows selected


SQL> select * from bar;
no rows selected


A more worrying issuing is security. On your main system, you have failed login attempts

Primary

SQL> alter profile default limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3;
Profile altered.
SQL> create user u identified by p;
User created.
SQL> conn u/a@db01_prim
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn u/b@db01_prim
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
SQL> conn u/c@db01_prim
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
SQL> conn u/d@db01_prim
ERROR:
ORA-28000: the account is locked
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> alter user u account unlock;
User altered.


On the standby, since it is read only, the last tentatives are not recorded.

SQL> conn u/e@db01_sb
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn u/f@db01_sb
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
SQL> conn u/g@db01_sb
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
SQL> conn u/h@db01_sb
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

which allows you unlimited login attempts

As well, audit records are not generated.
Primary

SQL> audit session;

Standby

SQL> conn u/xxx@db01_sb
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> SELECT USERNAME,ACTION_NAME,TIMESTAMP,RETURNCODE FROM DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL ORDER BY TIMESTAMP DESC;
no rows selected


No audit record from ORA-01017

Primary

SQL> conn u/xxx@db01_prim
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> SELECT USERNAME,ACTION_NAME,TIMESTAMP,RETURNCODE FROM DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL ORDER BY TIMESTAMP DESC
USER ACTION TIMESTAMP RETURNCODE
---- ------ ------------------- ----------
U LOGON 2019-06-14_15:39:05 1017

On primary, audit records are saved as expected. There are many other things/tools that won’t work the same way. Because it is read-only. Use with care if you are entitled too.

many ignore the difference meaning of .. (dot dot) as an argument when used with ls or cd

this leads to buggy coding and wrong parsing of arguments in scripts

let’s start with an example

$ mkdir $HOME/test $HOME/test/physical $HOME/test/foo 
$ cd $HOME/test/foo
$ ln -s ../physical logical
$ cd logical
$ ls -l ..
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 18:01 foo
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 18:01 physical
$ cd ..; ls -l
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 oracle dba 18:01 logical -> ../physical
$ 

Wait… how could cd ..; ls and ls .. have a different output?

Most programs except cd use the physical path in arguments.

If you are in the physical directory $HOME/test/physical and you issue

program argument

it will behave the same as if you were in the logical path. This is somehow consistent, but confusing

Let’s try

$ cd $HOME/test/physical
$ ls -l ..
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 4096 May 21 18:01 foo
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 4096 May 21 18:01 physical
$ cd $HOME/test/foo/logical
$ ls -l ..
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 4096 May 21 18:01 foo
drwxr-xr-x. 2 oracle dba 4096 May 21 18:01 physical
$ 

BINGO! I got the same output

Got it? The arguments are parsed using the physical path.

This does not relate to absolute or relative path. While most bug occurs with relative path, a relative path is neither logical nor physical. It is relative. Whether it relates to a physical or it relates to a logical path is the scope of this post.

Okay, we get now that most programs use the “filename” as if you were in the physical path.

Path Logical Physical /home/user01/test/physical /home/user01/test/physical /home/user01/test/physical /home/user01/test/foo/logical /home/user01/test/foo/logical /home/user01/test/physical

In most case, it makes no difference (which render the bugs less evident to trap). For instance browsing paths in dbca doesn’t do it right, but it is just a side note.

If you use /physicalpath/file or /logicalpath/file or ./file, it really doesn’t matter. It’s relevant with symbolic links on directories and relative path to parents.

So for instance if you want to change to the directory of the first argument it would be wrong to do


cd $(dirname $1)


because cd does use logical path and your program should NOT (to make it symlink-independent).

a not-properly documented (missing for instance on aix 7.2 cd manpage) way is to use the -P option

In Linux there is also a -e option which gives you a non-zero error code on non-existent current working directory (if you are in a path that does not exits, the cd -P won’t work but return 0 by default), but for now, just stick to -P

Let’s see

$ pwd
/home/user01/test/foo/logical
$ cd -P ..
$ pwd
/home/user01/test


wait, you change to .. and went two step back? this is not the default behavior of cd. The default behavior is -L


$ pwd
/home/user01/test/foo/logical
$ cd -L ..
$ pwd
/home/user01/test/foo


hmm… is that not easier? No way! this is just fine for cd (where you navigate to parent regarding to the logical working directory). But it is not the way the arguments are interpreted.

Apart from cd , there is another command that deals with symlink path hassle : pwd. Again, it is not really well documented (missing in Solaris 10 pwd manpage), but it has always been there.


$ pwd
/u01/users/oracle/test/foo/logical
$ pwd -L
/u01/users/oracle/test/foo/logical
$ pwd -P
/u01/users/oracle/test/physical
$


next time you use cp, ls, cat with a .. and symlinks, remember this post !

Last note, one may like to try the long option. Don’t!

$ man pwd | grep -- -P
-P, --physical
$ cd -P .
$ cd --physical .
-bash: cd: --: invalid option
cd: usage: cd [-L|-P] [dir]
$


There is no privileges strong enough for you to view all objects in all databases

Let’s try

as sys:

SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_objects group by con_id;

    CON_ID   COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
         1      22749
         3      22721

as non-sys

SQL> create user c##u identified by ***;
User created.
SQL> grant create session, select any dictionary to c##u;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> conn c##u/x
Connected.
SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_objects group by con_id;
    CON_ID   COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
         1      22749

You can try to grant and grant and grant, it won’t help

SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> grant dba, cdb_dba, pdb_dba, all privileges, sysdba to c##u with admin option container=all;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> conn c##u/x
Connected.
SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_objects group by con_id;
    CON_ID   COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
         1      22749

This is not what you are missing…

SQL> revoke dba, cdb_dba, pdb_dba, all privileges, sysdba from c##u container=all;
Revoke succeeded.
SQL> grant create session, select any dictionary to c##u;
Grant succeeded.

you need container data

SQL> alter user c##u set container_data=all container=current;
User altered.
SQL> conn c##u/x
Connected.
SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_objects group by con_id;
    CON_ID   COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
         1      22749
         3      22721

Here you go …

One of the today’s challenge, since Oracle 12c deprecated non-cdb, is to make the dba scripts CDB-aware.

If you are lucky enough to have no 11g around, you can mostly replace DBA_* by CDB_*

OLD:

SQL> select count(*) from dba_users;
  COUNT(*)
----------
       121

NEW: non-cdb

SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_users group by con_id;

CON_ID   COUNT(*)
------ ----------
     0        121

NEW: single-tenant

SQL> select con_id, count(*) from cdb_users group by con_id;
    CON_ID   COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
         1         23
         3         39

As mentioned in a white paper :
The set container privilege has certain restrictions in PL/SQL
multitenant-security-concepts-12c-2402462.pdf

Sometimes the certain restrictions will puzzle you

SQL> set feed off serverout on
SQL> exec dbms_output.put_line('root')
root
SQL> alter session set container=dora1;
SQL> sho serverout
serveroutput ON SIZE UNLIMITED FORMAT WORD_WRAPPED
SQL> exec dbms_output.put_line('dora1');
SQL> -- NO OUTPUT WTF !!!!
SQL> set serveroutput ON 
SQL> exec dbms_output.put_line('dora1');
dora1
SQL> 

The security model prevents you from using alter session (with execute immediate or like in the previous example) to execute plsql.

Now you know…

Let’s start with some basics. The basics works as well on Unix, Linux and Windows. Later techniques only work on linux/unix

$ ls -l hosts          
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 211 Oct  5  2015 hosts
$ ls -l xxx  
ls: cannot access xxx: No such file or directory
$ read x
foo
$ 

Outpout and error are displayed on screen and input is read from your keyboard

The output is kwown as file-descriptor-1 or stdout. Sometimes, depending on your OS, it may be exposed as /dev/fd/1 or /dev/stdout. But not all *nix have this.
The error is kwown as file-descriptor-2 or stderr.
The input is known as file-descriptor-0 or stdin.

Instead of keyboard and screen, it could be a file or any other devices, e.g. /dev/null or just a simple file.

$ ls -l hosts 1>file1
$ ls -l xxx 2>file2          
$ read x 0<file3

0 and 1 are optional here.

If is also possible to redirect stdout and vice versa

$ ls -l hosts 1>&2         
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 211 Oct  5  2015 hosts
$ ls -l xxx 2>&1 
ls: cannot access xxx: No such file or directory

It is possible to close the file descriptor.

sleep 1 1>&- 2>&- 0<&-

Well, sleep has no output and no input and no error, so the effect is not impressive.

If you write to a closed file descriptor, you get an error. Ok, if you close both stdout and stderr, the error will be silent. But there will still be an error.

$ (echo foo) 1>&-     
bash: echo: write error: Bad file descriptor
$ echo $?        
1
$ (echo bar 1>&2) 2>&-      
$ echo $?             
1

if you want to redirect stdin to stdout and stdout to stdin, you better use a new file descriptor

$ (ls -l hosts xxx 1>&2 2>&3) 3>&1            
xxx not found
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root system 2133 Jun 22 2017 hosts

An old trick is to use additional file descriptor to find a return code of command before the pipe.

$ ((((ls hosts; echo $? >&3) | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' >&4) 3>&1) | (read rc; exit $rc)) 4>&1       
HOSTS
$ echo $?
0
$ ((((ls xxx; echo $? >&3) | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' >&4) 3>&1) | (read rc; exit $rc)) 4>&1        
ls: cannot access xxx: No such file or directory
$ echo $?
2

As I know the trick for so long that I could not credit the author, only found some 21st century posts

If you want to redirect all your outputs to a logfile, you can use exec

#!/bin/ksh
exec 1>>/tmp/mylog
exec 2>>/tmp/mylog
cd /etc 
ls -l hosts          
ls -l xxx
exit

If you want to be able to still use your stdout / stderr, again, open new descriptors

#!/bin/ksh
exec 3>&1
exec 4>&2
exec 1>>/tmp/mylog
exec 2>>/tmp/mylog
cd /etc 
ls -l hosts          
ls -l xxx
echo INFO >&3
echo ERROR >&4
exec 3>&-
exec 4>&-
exit

Bash has also one shortcut

ls xxx host &>log

& redirect both 1 and 2 in one step. Doesn't work on ksh.

19c is a mini-release. Remember it is a new name for the second 12cR2 patchset, after 12.2.0.2/18c

https://mikedietrichde.com/2019/02/13/oracle-database-19-2-for-exadata-is-now-available-for-download/ was the first to mention it. By looking up in the doc I found

. Distinct listagg

. Desupport sqlplus product profile

. listener.log log rotation

Go to the doc to find more https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/whats-new.html

2014/05/distinct-listagg I wrote : Too bad the DISTINCT keyword was not implemented

what a good surprise to see this working in Oracle 19 : 19C LISTAGG DISTINCT

very similar to Unix ODBC Oracle

instead of tnsnames, the connections are defined in $SYBASE/interfaces.

the odbc.ini must exists as well in $SYBASE.

if you test with unixODBC-devel, keep in mind to use /usr/bin/isql and not $SYBASE_OCS/bin/isql

$ODBCSYSINI/odbc.ini
[syb]
Driver = Sybase16
DSN = syb
ServerName=SYB01


$ODBCINI/odbcinst.ini
[Sybase16]
Description = Adaptive Server Enterprise
Driver = /u01/app/sybase/product/16.0/DataAccess64/ODBC/lib/libsybdrvodb.so


$SYBASE/odbc.ini
[syb]
DSN = syb
ServerName=SYB01


$SYBASE/interfaces
SYB01
master tcp ether srv01.example.com 15000
query tcp ether srv01.example.com 15000

/usr/bin/isql -v syb user01 passw01
+---------------------------------------+
| Connected! |
| |
| sql-statement |
| help [tablename] |
| quit |
| |
+---------------------------------------+
SQL>


To connect via ODBC, check https://laurentschneider.com/wordpress/tag/odbc

This article is related to Unix/Linux. Often you have a fat client written in C, while java uses JDBC instead of ODBC.

Okay, it’s pretty easy, if you have an oracle client, you probably already have libsqora.so.xx.1 in your LD_LIBRARY_PATH. In this case you can connect using ODBC.

What you need is an odbc.ini where you defined your connections
[DB01]
Driver = OracleODBC18
DSN = DB01
ServerName = DB01

and an odbcinst.ini where you define your driver
[OracleODBC18]
Description = Oracle ODBC driver for Oracle 18
Driver = /u01/app/oracle/product/18.1.0/client_64/lib/libsqora.so.18.1

the name / location and options may depend on your software / driver vendor.

ODBC uses TNSNAMES, so it really easy, you just the odbc entry ServerName = DB01 that matches
DB01 = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(Host = srv01.example.com)(Port = 1521))(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME=DB01.example.com)))
in tnsnames.ora.

ODBC full client allows you to use all connection features like LDAP and SSL.

To test it, I installed unixODBC-devel
sudo yum install unixODBC-devel
export ODBCSYSINI=/home/user1/odbc
cd $ODBCSYSINI
vi odbc.ini odbcinst.ini

the machine-wide ODBCSYSINI is /etc. You can chose to define the ODBCINI user-wide (/home) and the ODBCSYSINI machine-wide (/etc). I wouldn’t use machine-wide passwords. But configuring the drivers only once may be an option. If you are root and you have not too many drivers/versions/bitcode.

Now try to connect :
isql DB01 scott tiger
SQL> select * from scott.emp;
+-------+-----------+----------+-------+--------------------+----------+----------+-------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO|
+-------+-----------+----------+-------+--------------------+----------+----------+-------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00| 800 | | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00| 1600 | 300 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00| 1250 | 500 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00| 2975 | | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00| 1250 | 1400 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00| 2850 | | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00| 2450 | | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00| 3000 | | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT| | 1981-11-17 00:00:00| 5000 | | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00| 1500 | 0 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00| 1100 | | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00| 950 | | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00| 3000 | | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00| 1300 | | 10 |
+-------+-----------+----------+-------+--------------------+----------+----------+-------+
SQLRowCount returns -1
14 rows fetched
SQL>


Sometimes you use sqlplus and your line is longer than your linesize


SQL> select n||';'||x from t2;
1;one
2;twoPxMQztzLaqjWjGKOXIVIVrrHC
fJkTLbRgCPiENfWrrCjUMRSkmCfLUY
RdVASFacGtyEnUplOAXspDJZmSLPfg
ziKYQBKoHdkqGXoBCgkKuVOdxEvhQy
lZLQROFxIxOzqeQeFMGXcGkuJwnGGg
zvNSuCFMVxyQgboLAUpDcYnBsuVyXX
vFtWPICwqmcEdmzRRkOzzPethrqjRR
aBSOTOZiYfxcYSqbqFlGuVOBRdxjFh
ZcxJBvSCVXwONmS
prVzTykEfSsePyYwyLVoyYrVLynUzs
MLFWQxwUKNsVcYzUOAhslNldnBpITS
rxPlpJbLSjJqgxNxsGVsrYhkWAMufk
QnRayieEkSDYrNqyLejJuggADNxcgV
tszjJIYKCxPweNGhXsOFKGbMkTBPCf
DXwjBNgQYswbaNWBOEtSTHjIhdLAyM
nbhyhRKKdfaTTpTgHqQelVWmnkBHjA
ZTrGqdtlYAgoXNHnoryxHxVVyaMiGR
SjdVlRwMas

3;three
SQL>


There are two extra line breaks, one after ONmS and one after wMas
An easy solution is to set long lines with set lin 32767 longc 32767 long 2000000000… but, once you reach 32K, end of the game.

I come up with an easy workaround, using clob2file

create directory d as '/tmp';
begin
for f in (select rownum r, n||';'||x||chr(10) txt from t)
loop
dbms_lob.clob2file(f.txt, 'D',
'F'||to_char(f.r,'FM00009')||'.txt');
end loop;
end;
/

ls -la F?????.txt
-rw-r----- 1 oracle 6 Sep 26 13:40 F00001.txt
-rw-r----- 1 oracle 506 Sep 26 13:40 F00002.txt
-rw-r----- 1 oracle 8 Sep 26 13:40 F00003.txt
cat F?????.txt

1;one
2;twoPxMQztzLaqjWjGKOXIVIVrrHC
fJkTLbRgCPiENfWrrCjUMRSkmCfLUY
RdVASFacGtyEnUplOAXspDJZmSLPfg
ziKYQBKoHdkqGXoBCgkKuVOdxEvhQy
lZLQROFxIxOzqeQeFMGXcGkuJwnGGg
zvNSuCFMVxyQgboLAUpDcYnBsuVyXX
vFtWPICwqmcEdmzRRkOzzPethrqjRR
aBSOTOZiYfxcYSqbqFlGuVOBRdxjFh
ZcxJBvSCVXwONmSprVzTykEfSsePyY
wyLVoyYrVLynUzsMLFWQxwUKNsVcYz
UOAhslNldnBpITSrxPlpJbLSjJqgxN
xsGVsrYhkWAMufkQnRayieEkSDYrNq
yLejJuggADNxcgVtszjJIYKCxPweNG
hXsOFKGbMkTBPCfDXwjBNgQYswbaNW
BOEtSTHjIhdLAyMnbhyhRKKdfaTTpT
gHqQelVWmnkBHjAZTrGqdtlYAgoXNH
noryxHxVVyaMiGRSjdVlRwMas
3;three


Now you can produce files with very long lines. It would also possible to dump everything in one file (by using DBMS_LOB.CREATETEMPORARY + DBMS_LOB.APPEND ) or to dump all files in parallel…

Distributed transactions allows you to have multiple DML’s over multiple databases within a single transaction

For instance, one local and one remote

insert into t values(1);
insert into t@db02 values(2);
commit;


If you lose connection to db02 and wants to commit, your database server may/does not know about the state of the remote transaction. The transaction then shows up als pending.

Oracle documentation mentions about ORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST transaction comment to test this behavior, however, anything like note 126069.1 who starts with grant dba to scott; should be banned.

Apart from granting DBA to scott and using commit tansaction commment 'ORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST-7', I can still use my good (bad?) old shutdown abort.


SQL> insert into t values(1);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into t@db02 values(2);
1 row created.
SQL> -- shutdown abort on db02
SQL> commit;
commit
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02054: transaction 2.7.4509 in-doubt
ORA-03150: end-of-file on communication channel for database link
ORA-02063: preceding line from DB02
SQL> select LOCAL_TRAN_ID, STATE from dba_2pc_pending;

LOCAL_TRAN_ID STATE
---------------------- ----------------
2.7.4509 prepared


Now you’ve got an issue. Not only the state of the transaction is unknown, but the in-doubt transaction may prevent further DMLs

SQL> update t set x=x+1;
update t set x=x+1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01591: lock held by in-doubt distributed transaction 2.7.4509


You need to decide whether to commit or rollback the transaction. Let’s say I want to rollback. I need to have FORCE TRANSACTION privilege


SQL> rollback force '2.7.4509';
Rollback complete.
SQL> select LOCAL_TRAN_ID, STATE from dba_2pc_pending;

LOCAL_TRAN_ID STATE
---------------------- ----------------
2.7.4509 forced rollback
SQL> update t set x=x+1;
0 rows updated.
SQL> exec DBMS_TRANSACTION.PURGE_LOST_DB_ENTRY('7.20.4519')
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select LOCAL_TRAN_ID, STATE from dba_2pc_pending;
no rows selected


The lock disappears, dbms_transaction.purge_log_db_entry can also cleanup old entries.