Re: Extending my question. Was: The relational model and relational algebra - why did SQL become the industry standard?

>
>
>There are two separate questions here:
>1. Do we want duplicates in the data model, i.e., in the original relations
> and the results of queries?
>2. Do we want duplicates in intermediate results?
>
>I'm not completely sure what their answer to 1. is but I suspect it is
>something like "probably not".
>

That's not the impression I get from Date's article (see part II), but I have not read the book.

< quotes from book Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, DATABASE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION>

[Relational] algebra was originally defined as if relations were sets [sic!--italics added].Yet relations in SQL are really bags ... Thus, we shall introduce relational algebra as an algebra on bags.

...

For instance, you may have learned set-theoretic laws such as A INTERSECT (B UNION C) = (A INTERSECT B) UNION (A INTERSECT C), which is formally the "distributive law of intersection over union." This law holds for sets, but not for bags.

< quotes from book/ >

This does not look like it is dealing with intermediate results only...

> But how your algebra looks depends on how you
>answer question 2, because query optimization is the main raison d'etre of
>the algebra, and there it is a completely different story. It can for
>example be more efficient to postpone duplicate elimination. If you don't
>have a bag algebra you cannot express this in your algebra.
>
I don't think that anybody is suggesting that intermediate results need to remove duplicates. It's
the end result that counts. E.g. in the following code fragment  

  int i;
  i = 5;
  i = 6;

an optimizing compiler would not bother update i to 5 because nobody is interested in that intermediate value. In the same spirit intermediate values
of relational expressions would be of interest only to the system internally.

>Note that in the writings you mention Date only addresses the first
>question, where what you actually asked concerned mostly the second
>question.
>

See above...

regards,
Lauri Pietarinen

-- 
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 Lauri Pietarinen, Senior Consultant, Databases

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