Re: SQL for Modeling Generalization Hierarchies

>> Is there a good approach to modelling many heterogeneous entity types with that have some attributes in common? <<

Ignoring that the phrase "entity type" is OO **yuck!**

The classic scenario calls for a root class with all the common attributes and then specialized sub-classes under it. As an example, let's take the class of Vehicles and find an industry standard identifier (VIN), and add two mutually exclusive sub-classes, Sport utility vehicles and sedans ('SUV', 'SED').

CREATE TABLE Vehicles
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type IN ('SUV', 'SED')),  UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 ..);

Notice the overlapping candidate keys. I then use a compound candidate key (vin, vehicle_type) and a constraint in each sub-class table to assure that the vehicle_type is locked and agrees with the Vehicles table. Add some DRI actions and you are done:

CREATE TABLE SUV
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'SUV' NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type = 'SUV'),
 UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 FOREIGN KEY (vin, vehicle_type)
  REFERENCES Vehicles(vin, vehicle_type)   ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ON DELETE CASCADE,
 ..);

CREATE TABLE Sedans
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'SED' NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type = 'SED'),
 UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 FOREIGN KEY (vin, vehicle_type)
  REFERENCES Vehicles(vin, vehicle_type)   ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ON DELETE CASCADE,
 ..);

I can continue to build a hierarchy like this. For example, if I had a Sedans table that broke down into two-door and four-door sedans, I could a schema like this:  

CREATE TABLE Sedans
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'SED' NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type IN ('2DR', '4DR', 'SED')),  UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 FOREIGN KEY (vin, vehicle_type)
  REFERENCES Vehicles(vin, vehicle_type)   ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ON DELETE CASCADE,
 ..);

CREATE TABLE TwoDoor
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) DEFAULT '2DR' NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type = '2DR'),
 UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 FOREIGN KEY (vin, vehicle_type)
  REFERENCES Sedans(vin, vehicle_type)
  ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ON DELETE CASCADE,
 ..);

CREATE TABLE FourDoor
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) DEFAULT '4DR' NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type = '4DR'),
 UNIQUE (vin, vehicle_type),
 FOREIGN KEY (vin, vehicle_type)
  REFERENCES Sedans (vin, vehicle_type)
  ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ON DELETE CASCADE,
 ..);

The idea is to build a chain of identifiers and types in a UNIQUE() constraint that go up the tree when you use a REFERENCES constraint. Obviously, you can do variants of this trick to get different class structures.

If an entity doesn't have to be exclusively one subtype, you play with the root of the class hierarchy:

CREATE TABLE Vehicles
(vin CHAR(17) NOT NULL,

 vehicle_type CHAR(3) NOT NULL

       CHECK(vehicle_type IN ('SUV', 'SED')),  PRIMARY KEY (vin, vehicle_type),
 ..);

Now start hiding all this stuff in VIEWs immediately and add an INSTEAD OF trigger to those VIEWs.

Here is the link on Amazon.com for my new book on "Trees & Hierarchies in SQL"

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1558609202/qid=1080772873/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-7683601-6345721?v=glance&s=books#product-details Received on Sat May 29 2004 - 13:07:15 CDT