You can assign a Default value, but as the word says: it is a DEFAULT. In your case, to verify a date is not bigger than a maximum, I would use a check constraint. The syntax is something like this:
ALTER TABLE MHE_TEST
ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_MAX_DATE CHECK (col_date < to_date('31-12-2020','DD-MM-YYYY'))
/
This constraint makes sure the maximum date will not be exceeded:
SQL> insert into mhe_test values (to_date('12-01-2021','DD-MM-YYYY'));
insert into mhe_test values (to_date('12-01-2021','DD-MM-YYYY'))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (MHE.CHK_MAX_DATE) violated
HTH,
MHE
] 
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