Arju

1)Instances per database
Maximum number of cluster database instances per database: Operating system-dependent

2)Locks
Row-level: Unlimited
Distributed Lock Manager: Operating system dependent

3)SGA size
Maximum value: Operating system-dependent;
For 32 bit OS, 2GB - 4GB.
For 64 bit OS, >4GB.

4)Advanced Queuing Processes
Maximum per instance: 10

5)Job Queue Processes
Maximum per instance: 1000

6)I/O Slave Processes
Maximum per background process (DBWR, LGWR, ....): 15
Maximum per Backup session: 15

7)Sessions
Maximum per instance: 32 KB; Restricted by the PROCESSES and SESSIONS initialization parameters.

8)Global Cache Service Processes
Maximum per instance: 10

9)Shared Servers
Maximum per instance: Unlimited. Restricted by the PROCESSES and SESSIONS initialization parameters.

10)Dispatchers
Maximum per instance: Unlimited. Restricted by the PROCESSES and SESSIONS initialization parameters.

11)Parallel Execution Slaves
Maximum per instance: Unlimited. Restricted by the PROCESSES and SESSIONS initialization parameters.

12)Backup Sessions
Maximum per instance: Unlimited. Restricted by the PROCESSES and SESSIONS initialization parameters.

Related Document
Physical Database Limits in oracle
Datatype Limits in Oracle
Logical Database Limits in Oracle

1)CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW definition size Limit
Maximum size: 64K Bytes

2)GROUP BY clause size Limit
Maximum length: Must fit within a single database block.

3)Indexes Limit
Maximum per table: Unlimited
Total size of indexed column: 75% of the database block size minus some overhead

4)Columns Limit
Maximum Per table: 1000
Maximum Per index (or clustered index): 32
Maximum Per bitmapped index: 30

5)Constraints
Maximum per column: Unlimited

6)Subqueries
Maximum levels of subqueries in a SQL statement in the FORM clause of top-level query: Unlimited
Maximum levels of subqueries in a SQL statement in the WHERE clause: 255

7)Partitions
Maximum length of linear partitioning key: 4 KB - overhead
Maximum number of columns in partition key: 16 columns
Maximum number of partitions allowed per table or index: 1024K - 1

8)Rows
Maximum number per table: Unlimited

9)Stored Packages
Maximum size: Limits typically range from 2000 to 3000 lines of code.

10)Trigger Cascade Limit
Maximum value: Operating system-dependent, typically 32

11)Users and Roles
Maximum: 2,147,483,638

12)Tables
Maximum per clustered table: 32 tables
Maximum per database: Unlimited

Related Documents
Physical Database Limits in oracle
Datatype Limits in Oracle

1)Data Block Size Limit
Minimum: 2048 bytes; must be a multiple of operating system physical block size
Maximum: Operating system dependent; Not more than 32 KB

2)Data Blocks Limit
Minimum in initial extent of a segment: 2 data blocks
Maximum per datafile: Platform dependent; typically power(2,22) - 1 blocks

3)Controlfiles Limit
Number of control files: 1 minimum; 2 or more (on separate devices) strongly recommended.
Size of a control file: Maximum of 20,000 * (database block size)

4)Datafiles Limit
Maximum per tablespace: 1022
Maximum per database: 65533

Also, limited by the DB_FILES initialization parameter for a particular instance.

5)Database extents Limit
Maximum per dictionary managed tablespace: 4 GB * physical block size.
Maximum per locally managed (uniform) tablespace: 2 GB * physical block size.

6)Database file size Limit
Limited by maximum operating system file size.

7)MAXEXTENTS Limit
Default value: Derived from tablespace default storage or DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter
Maximum: Unlimited

8)Redo Log Files Limit
Maximum number of logfiles: Limited by value of MAXLOGFILES parameter in the CREATE DATABASE statement.
Maximum number of logfiles per group: Unlimited

9)Redo Log File Size Limit
Minimum size: 50 KB
Maximum size: Operating system limit.

10)Tablespaces:
Maximum number per database: 65533

11)Bigfile Tablespaces
Number of blocks: power(2,32)

12)Smallfile Tablespaces:
Number of blocks: power(2,22)

13)External Tables file
Maximum size: OS dependent.

1)BFILE:
Maximum size: 4 GB-1 which is power(2,32)-1 bytes.
Maximum size of the file name: 255 characters
Maximum size of the directory name: 30 characters
Maximum number of open BFILEs: Limited by the value of the SESSION_MAX_OPEN_FILES initialization parameter, which itself is limited by the maximum number of open files the OS will allow.

2)BLOB:
Maximum size: (4 GB - 1) * DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter/ LOB Chunk size.

So, if db_block_size=8024K then maximum size=32T
SQL> select 4*1024*1024*1024*8*1024/1024/1024/1024/1024 from dual;
4*1024*1024*1024*8*1024/1024/1024/1024/1024
-------------------------------------------
32

As database block size vary from 2K to 32K so BLOB size can vary from 8TB to 128TB.
(8 TB to 128 TB)

Number of LOB columns per table: Limited by the maximum number of columns per table where maximum can be 1000.

3)CHAR:
Maximum size: 2000 bytes
Minimum and Default Size: 1 byte

4)CHAR VARYING
Maximum size: 4000 bytes

5)CLOB
Same as BLOB in the range of 4T to 128T.

6)Literals (characters or numbers in SQL or PL/SQL)
Maximum size: 4000 characters

7)LONG
Maximum size: 2 GB - 1

8)NCHAR
Maximum size: 2000 bytes

9)NCHAR VARYING
Maximum size: 4000 bytes

10)NCLOB
Same as BLOB in the range of 4T to 128T

11)NUMBER
Maximum size: 999...(in this way 38 9s) * power(10,125)
Minimum size: -999...(in this way 38 9s) *power(10,125)

12)RAW
Maximum size: 2000 bytes

13)VARCHAR
Maximum size: 4000 bytes
Minimum size: 1 byte.

14)VARCHAR2
Maximum size: 4000 bytes
Minimum size: 1 byte.

Benefits of Bigfile Tablespaces
•In a database there can have maximum 65533 data files. Database is limited by the datafiles to 65533. In other way we can say in a database there can have maximum 65533 tablespaces because each tablespace must include at least one file.

Smallfile tablespace can contain up to 1024 files, but bigfile tablespaces contain only single file that can be 1024 times larger than a smallfile tablespace. Since database is limited by the total tablespace 65533 or in other word by the total data files 65533 and since bigfile tablespace's datafile can be 1024 times larger than of smallfile tablespace maximum size of database can largely expanded if you use bigfile tablespace.

The detail calculation of overall database size with the bigfile tablespace and smallfile tablespace are discussed in Overall Database Size

•With the use of bigfile tablespace you can reduce the number of datafiles of a ultra large tablespace and thus we can manage the database well. You can also adjust parameters to reduce the SGA space required for datafile information and the size of the control file.

•If you use Oracle-managed files to name the datafile, bigfile tablespaces make datafiles completely transparent for users as bigfile tablespaces contain only one datafile.

Considerations with Bigfile Tablespaces
•We should consider to use bigfile tablespace with Automatic Storage Management or other logical volume managers that support dynamically extensible logical volumes and striping or RAID.

•We should not use bigfile tablespace on a system that does not support striping because of negative implications for parallel execution and RMAN backup parallelization.

•We should not use bigfile tablespace if there is free space problem on a disk group, and the only way to extend a tablespace is to add a new datafile on a different disk group.

•We should not use bigfile tablespace on the system that impose limit to large file sizes.

•Overall, performance of database opens, checkpoints, and DBWR processes should improve if data is stored in bigfile tablespaces instead of smallfile tablespaces. Though in case of corrupted datafile restore time of the datafile is more than of smallfile tablespace case.

Related Documents
Overall Database Size

Extents is made up of a number of contiguous data blocks. One or more extents make a segment. When in a segment there is no space i.e segment is full, then to allow more space oracle allocates a new extent in that segment.

When Extents Are Allocated
When you create a table or index then oracle automatically creates an initial extent with a number of specified data blocks (with how many data blocks will be discussed later on) under the table's/ index's data segment.

In this case though no rows are inserted into the table or index but yet extents are allocated and reserve for the table's or index's rows.

Now, if the data blocks of a segment's initial extent become full and more space is required to hold new data, then oracle automatically allocates an incremental extent for that segment.

In this way, subsequent increment extents are allocated whenever data blocks of a segment's extent full.

When Extents Are Deallocated
With the Segment Advisor oracle automatically advice on which schema objects or on which tablespaces has space available for reclamation based on the level of space fragmentation within the object.

To access Segment Advisor from enterprise manager home go to Related Links> Select Advisor Central>Select Segment Advisor.

You can reclaim space manually of LB table by

alter table "LB" enable row movement;
alter table "LB" shrink space;

In general the extents of a segment do not return to the tablespace until you drop the schema objects using DROP TABLE or DROP CLUSTER statement.

The exception is following,
•TRUNCATE...DROP STORAGE statement.
•ALTER TABLE table_name DEALLOCATE UNUSED;
•Periodically, Oracle deallocates one or more extents of a rollback segment if it has the OPTIMAL size specified.

•Oracle data block is smallest unit of data that oracle use to store data.

•Oracle store data in the datafile in terms of oracle data block.

•As we know each operating system has a block size. Oracle data block is not same as operating system block size. In fact oracle block size is multiple of OS block size.

•How much of a standard oracle block size will be is defined by the DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter.

•We can also define up to five non standard block sizes.

•Data block format is discussed in Oracle data block format

•How we can choose non standard block size is discussed in Choose of a non standard Blocksize

Shortcuts to Access Address Box
Note that if internet explorer's tab are enabled then for only the first tab these shortcuts work well. For subsequent tabs these shortcuts do not work.

1)ALT+D: These two combination select the text in address box so that you can give new address or edit existing address in the address box.

2)F4: It displays a list of addresses that you have in your address box.

3)CTRL+LEFT ARROW: When in the Address box, move the cursor left to the next logical break in the address (period or slash or hypen etc). First press F4 and then press CTRL+LEFT ARROW.

4)CTRL+RIGHT ARROW: When in the Address box, move the cursor right to the next logical break in the address (period or slash or hypen etc). First press F4 and then press CTRL+RIGHT ARROW.

5)CTRL+ENTER: In the address box after typing address when you press these two kwy combination it automatically adds www. at the begining and .com at the end. Suppose press ALT+D and simply type google and then press CTRL+ENTER and then observe it will
go as www.google.com

6)UP ARROW: Move forward through the list of AutoComplete matches.

7)DOWN ARROW: Move back through the list of AutoComplete matches.

Shortcuts to Access Favourites
1)CTRL+D: Add the current page to your favorites.

2)CTRL+B: Open the Organize Favorites dialog box.

3)ALT+UP ARROW: Move selected item up in the Favorites list in the Organize Favorites dialog box.

4)ALT+DOWN ARROW: Move selected item down in the Favorites list in the Organize Favorites dialog box

Shortcut to print preview
Press ALTER+P and then v in order to come print preview page. In the print preview page you can apply following shortcut keys.
1)ALT+P:Set printing options and print the page.

2)ALT+U: Change paper, headers and footers, orientation, and margins for this page.

3)ALT+HOME: Display the first page that to be printed.

4)ALT+LEFT ARROW: Display the previous page that to be printed.

5)ALT+A: Type the page number that you want displayed.

6)ALT+RIGHT ARROW: Display the next page that to be printed.

7)ALT+END: Display the last page that to be printed.

8)ALT+-:Zoom out.

9)ALT++:Zoom in.

10)ALT+Z: Display a list of zoom percentages.

11)ALT+C: Close Print Preview.

Related Documents:
Natural Windows Keyboard Shortcut
General Windows keyboard Shortcut.
Dialog Box and Accessibility Keyboard Shortcut

Error Description:
Today I got a very interesting problem. The developer told me that they can't connect to database. It says ORA-00257: archiver error. Then I log on to the database and it was ok. I asked developer it is fine. After some time developers again asked me they are having the same problem. I then look for alert log and saw the following stack of message.

ARC0: Failed to archive thread 1 sequence 1192 (4)
Mon Jul 21 05:51:08 2008
ARC1: Archiving not possible: No primary destinations
ARC1: Failed to archive thread 1 sequence 1192 (4)
Mon Jul 21 05:51:08 2008
ARC0: Archiving not possible: No primary destinations
ARC0: Failed to archive thread 1 sequence 1192 (4)
Mon Jul 21 05:51:08 2008
ARC1: Archiving not possible: No primary destinations
ARC1: Failed to archive thread 1 sequence 1192 (4)

Cause of The Problem:
Unknown yet. Possibly hit oracle bug.

Solution of The Problem:
At first seems I guessed there is space issue and look for following thing as in described,
ORA-00257: archiver error. Connect internal only, until freed.

Step1: Look for archival destination.
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 1203
Next log sequence to archive 1205
Current log sequence 1205
SQL> show parameter db_recovery_file_dest

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest string /oradata1
db_recovery_file_dest_size big integer 50G

I also checked for settings whether LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10 is implicitly set or not. Yet it was set.
SQL> select DEST_NAME,DESTINATION from v$archive_dest where dest_name='LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10';

DEST_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESTINATION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10
USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

Step2: Let's check space in flash recovery area.
SQL> SELECT * FROM V$RECOVERY_FILE_DEST;

NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPACE_LIMIT SPACE_USED SPACE_RECLAIMABLE NUMBER_OF_FILES
----------- ---------- ----------------- ---------------
/oradata1
5.3687E+10 32381952 0 2

So it was fine. I suddenly look for alert log and it was changed to

ORA-16038: log 2 sequence# 1160 cannot be archived
ORA-00354: corrupt redo log block header
ORA-00312: online log 2 thread 1: '/oradata1/therap/THERAP/redo02.log'

I immediately try to clear the logfile as it is described in ORA-16038,ORA-00354,ORA-00312 corrupt redo log block header
SQL> alter database clear unarchived logfile group 2;
Database altered.

SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.

SQL> alter system switch logfile;
^C alter system switch logfile
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01013: user requested cancel of current operation

But no hope. It stopped and in alert log again it shows error message Archiving not possible: No primary destinations.

Step3: I set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_9 explicitly to DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

With the following statement whenever I explicitly set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_9 to use DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST then the error gone.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_9='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST';
System altered.

In the alert log I put tail -f and wanted to see that status. Immediately status becomes as follows,

Cleared LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10 parameter default value
Mon Jul 21 05:52:04 2008
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_9='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST' SCOPE=BOTH;
Mon Jul 21 05:52:04 2008
Archiver process freed from errors. No longer stopped

And error gone. I tested with alter system switch logfile and it went normal.

SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.

SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.

I don't know what happened. Possibly this is oracle bug. Later I explicitly set log_archive_dest_9 to use LOCATION USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST and unset log_archive_dest_9 and it went normal.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST';
System altered.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_9='';
System altered.

Related Documents

ORA-16038,ORA-00354,ORA-00312 corrupt redo log block header
ORA-00257: archiver error. Connect internal only, until freed.

Problem Description:
Whenever you try to run the logminer in the mining database (different from source database. Source database is one in which redo or archived redo logs are generated and mining database is one in which you try to analysis those logs) to add logfile using DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE it generates error ORA-01284, ORA-00308, ORA-27047.

SQL> EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE( -
LOGFILENAME => '/export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc', -
OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.NEW);
BEGIN DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE( LOGFILENAME => '/export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.NEW); END;

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01284: file /export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc cannot be
opened
ORA-00308: cannot open archived log
'/export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc'
ORA-27047: unable to read the header block of file
Additional information: 2
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_LOGMNR", line 68
ORA-06512: at line 1

But if you see in your mining database hard disk the archived redo log file actually exist.
SQL> !ls -l /export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 24671232 Jul 21 00:38 /export/home/oracle/o1_mf_1_61856_48637xkh_.arc

Cause of The Problem:
To be able to run oracle logminer there are several requirements. If the requirements are not satisfy logminer will not run successfully. One of the requirement to run logminer is both the source database and the mining database must be running on the same hardware platform.

The database block sizes of the analyzing instance and the log source database must also be the same.

If they are different then logminer will not work and working with it will produce error ORA-01284, ORA-00308, ORA-27047.

Solution of The problem:
Use the mining database as the same hardware platform as of source database. If you don't have same platform then it is not possible. In that case you can use source database for mining.

If you want any software and automatic conversion to migrate non oracle database to oracle then you can use Oracle SQL Developer Migration Workbench which can be used to migrate Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and Sybase databases to Oracle.

However you wish to load a table sample data from non-oracle to oracle database. You may wish to do the task manually. Below is the manual procedure by which you can load data to oracle. It explain also if you have data in a flat file then how you can can able to load it into your oracle database.

Though at first time it may seem to you a difficult one but in this post I will try to make it easy. The steps involved to copy SQL Server data to an oracle database is given below. However this procedure is also applied if you want to import data from an excel flat file to an oracle database.

Step 1: Export Data to a CSV file:
You have to proceed table by table if you want to copy data from SQL Server database to Oracle.
For each table data you have to export data to a flat file and convert it to a CSV file.

Don't bother with .CSV or name CSV extension. It is nothing just abbreviate form of Comma Separated Values. If you save a normal text file with the comma between the record parts then that file is a CSV file.

You can directly export data in a CSV file from SQL SERVER database or just export data to a flat file and then convert it to a CSV file.

Export data to a flat file is discussed in http://arjudba.blogspot.com/2008/05/how-to-export-data-to-flat-file.html. Now open this file with excel and from excel file you can easily convert to a CSV file. To do it just open the excel file and >click file manu and >select save as. A pop up window will be displayed. Go to Save as Type section and select .CSV extention and click on save button. You now have got the .CSV file and you have finished step 1.

It will be more easily if you can directly export data to a CSV format. Easily you can do by separating column value of the table with an extension.

Like, you want to copy or load emp table from sql server to oracle.
SQL> desc emp;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMP_NO NUMBER
EMP_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER
SQL> select emp_no ||','||emp_name ||','||dept_no from emp;

EMP_NO||','||EMP_NAME||','||DEPT_NO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,ddd,10
2,aaa,11
3,bbb,10

Save the output to a emp.csv file.

Step 2: Create a Control file:
In this are emp.csv is called datafile where data of the table to be loaded exists. Never mix with datafile of oracle with this emp.csv. This one is SQL*Loader datafile and oracle datafile are of .dbf extension. After successfully creating data file create a control file. Also don't mix this control file with database control file. This control file instructs SQL*loader how to load data.

Here is the control file. In my other posts of my blog I will go detail with it.
LOAD DATA
LOAD DATA
INFILE '/export/home/oracle/emp.dat'"str '\n'"
INTO TABLE emp
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(emp_no CHAR, emp_name CHAR(10), dept_no CHAR)

Note that whether datatype is number or varchar2 in control file it is specified as CHAR.
I save the control file as emp.ctl


Step3: Go to oracle database and create the emp table.
I created as below.
CREATE TABLE "ARJU"."EMP"
( "EMP_NO" NUMBER,
"EMP_NAME" VARCHAR2(10),
"DEPT_NO" NUMBER
) PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255 NOCOMPRESS LOGGING
STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 2147483645
PCTINCREASE 0 FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT)
TABLESPACE "USER_TBS";
Table created.
Step 4: Invoke SQL*Loader and load data.
Copy datafile, control file to the oracle database and invoke sqlldr to load data.
$sqlldr arju/a control=/export/home/oracle/emp.ctl

SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sun Jul 20 06:21:28 2008

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Commit point reached - logical record count 3
Let's check logfile if any error.
bash-3.00$ cat emp.log

SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sun Jul 20 06:21:28 2008

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Control File: /export/home/oracle/emp.ctl
Data File: /export/home/oracle/emp.dat
Bad File: /export/home/oracle/emp.bad
.
.

Total logical records skipped: 0
Total logical records read: 3
Total logical records rejected: 0
Total logical records discarded: 0

Step 5: See the data from database and You are done:
SQL> select * from emp;

EMP_NO EMP_NAME DEPT_NO
---------- ---------- ----------
1 ddd 10
2 aaa 11
3 bbb 10

1)REMAINDER
The function REMAINDER holds the syntax REMAINDER(n2,n1) and returns the remainder of n2 divided by n1. This function is similar to MOD function except that MOD uses FLOOR in its formula, whereas REMAINDER uses ROUND.

Example:
SQL> SELECT REMAINDER(11,3) FROM DUAL;

REMAINDER(11,3)
---------------
-1

SQL> SELECT MOD(11,3) FROM DUAL;
MOD(11,3)
----------
2

2)ROUND (number)
The function ROUND has the syntax ROUND({n}[,integer]).
It returns n rounded to integer places to the right of the decimal point. If you omit integer, then n is rounded to 0 places. The argument integer can be negative to round off digits left of the decimal point.

Example:SQL> SELECT ROUND(11.283,1) FROM DUAL;
ROUND(11.283,1)
---------------
11.3

SQL> SELECT ROUND(11.283,-1)FROM DUAL;
ROUND(11.283,-1)
----------------
10

SQL> SELECT ROUND(11.283)FROM DUAL;
ROUND(11.283)
-------------
11

3)SIGN
The SIGN function returns the sign of a numeric datatype or datatype that can be implicitly converted to numeric datatype.
In case of numeric datatype,
If value <0 then SIGN function returns -1.
If argument=0 then SIGN function returns 0.
If argument >0 then SIGN function returns 1.
In case of binary float or binary double it returns -1 if n<0 and +1 if n>=0 or n=NaN

SQL> SELECT SIGN(0f) FROM DUAL;
SIGN(0F)
----------
1

As 0f is float so SIGN returns 1.
SQL> SELECT SIGN(-11) FROM DUAL;
SIGN(-11)
----------
-1

SQL> SELECT SIGN(0) FROM DUAL;
SIGN(0)
----------
0

4)SIN
The function SIN takes a value in radians and returns the sine value of the argument.
To get SIN value of 30 degree,
SQL> SELECT SIN(30 * 3.14159265359/180) FROM DUAL;
SIN(30*3.14159265359/180)
-------------------------
.5

5)SINH
SINH returns the hyperbolic sine of n.
SQL> SELECT SINH(2) FROM DUAL;
SINH(2)
----------
3.62686041

6)SQRT
SQRT returns the square root of n.
SQL> SELECT SQRT(256) FROM DUAL;
SQRT(256)
----------
16

7)TAN
TAN returns the tangent of n where n is expressed in radians.
To get tangent of 45 degree,
SQL> SELECT TAN(45 * 3.14159265359/180) FROM DUAL;
TAN(45*3.14159265359/180)
-------------------------
1
8)TANH
TANH returns the hyperbolic tangent of n.
Example:
SQL> SELECT TANH(1) FROM DUAL;
TANH(1)
----------
.761594156
9)TRUNC (number)
TRUNC (number) holds the syntax TRUNC({n2}[,n1]) where {} indicates mandatory option and [] indicate optional option.

It returns n1 truncated to n2 decimal places. If n2 is omitted, then n1 is truncated to 0 places. n2 can be negative to truncate (make zero) n2 digits left of the decimal point.

Example:SQL> SELECT TRUNC(13.59,1) FROM DUAL;
TRUNC(13.59,1)
--------------
13.5

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(13.59,-1) FROM DUAL;
TRUNC(13.59,-1)
---------------
10

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(13.59,0) FROM DUAL;
TRUNC(13.59,0)
--------------
13

1)EXP
The EXP function holds the syntax EXP(n) and returns e raised to the nth power value of argument n.
The value of e is 2.71828183 ...
Example:
SQL> SELECT EXP(3) FROM DUAL;
EXP(3)
----------
20.0855369

Almost same as,
SQL> SELECT POWER(2.71828183,3) FROM DUAL;
POWER(2.71828183,3)
-------------------
20.085537

2)FLOOR
The function FLOOR hold the format FLOOR(n) and it returns largest integer equal to or less than n.
Example:
SQL> SELECT FLOOR(11.8) from dual;
FLOOR(11.8)
-----------
11

SQL> SELECT FLOOR(11.001) from dual;
FLOOR(11.001)
-------------
11


3)LN The function LN holds the syntax LN(n) and it returns the natural logarithm of n, where n>0.
SQL> select ln(2.71828183) from dual;
LN(2.71828183)
--------------
1

Which is similar to log(e,e) where e=2.71828183.

SQL> select log(2.71828183,2.71828183) from dual;
LOG(2.71828183,2.71828183)
--------------------------
1

4)LOG The function LOG use the syntax LOG(n2,n1) and returns the logarithm, base n2, of n1. The base n1 can be any positive value other than 0 or 1 and n2 can be any positive value.
Example:
SQL>Select log(3,9) from dual;
LOG(3,9)
----------
2

5)MOD The function MOD holds the syntax MOD(n2,n1) and it returns the remainder of n2 divided by n1. It returns n2 if n1=0 (zero ).
SQL> SELECT MOD(25,6) FROM DUAL;
MOD(25,6)
----------
1

SQL> SELECT MOD(0,2) FROM DUAL;
MOD(0,2)
----------
0

SQL> SELECT MOD(10,0) FROM DUAL;
MOD(10,0)
----------
10

6)NANVL The NANVL function holds the syntax NANVL(n2,n1) and this function is useful only for floating-point numbers of type BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE. NaN indicates not a number. If the value stored in a table is not a number then this function instructs oracle to return alternative value n1 if the input value n2 is NaN (not a number). If n2 is not NaN, then Oracle returns n2.
The following example will clear you.
SQL> CREATE TABLE nan(a binary_float, b binary_double);
Table created.
SQL> insert into nan values('NaN','nan');
1 row created.

SQL> select * from nan;
A B
---------- ----------
Nan Nan
Now I wants if values are not a number then it will return zerop and for that you can use NANVL function.
SQL> SELECT NANVL(a,0), NANVL(b,0) from nan;

NANVL(A,0) NANVL(B,0)
---------- ----------
0 0

7)POWER The POWER function holds the syntax POWER(n2,n1). It returns n2 raised to the n1 power. The n2 is called base and n1 is the exponent. If n2 is negative, then n1 must be an integer.
Example:
SQL> SELECT POWER(-2,3) FROM DUAL;
POWER(-2,3)
-----------
-8

SQL> SELECT POWER(2,-3) FROM DUAL;
POWER(2,-3)
-----------
.125

1)ABS
The ABS function takes any numeric datatype or any nonnumeric datatype (that can be implicitly converted to a numeric datatype) as an argument and return the absolute value of the datatype.

It takes only single value as argument.

Syntax:ABS(n)
Example:
SQL>Select ABS(-100) FROM DUAL;
ABS(-100)
----------
100

2)ACOS
We all know that cos60 degree=.5 and 180 degree=pi redian=3.1416 (approx). ACOS returns the arc cosine of n. n must be in the range of -1 to 1 as we know the value of cosine can very between +1 to -1. Here ACOS function returns a value in the range of 0 to pi, expressed in radians.

Example:
Here result will appear in redians (by default)
SQL> select acos(.5) from dual;
ACOS(.5)
----------
1.04719755

To get result in degree, (180 degree= pi redian)
SQL> select acos(.5)*180/3.1416 from dual;
ACOS(.5)*180/3.1416
-------------------
59.9998597


3)ASIN
ASIN returns the arc sine of n. It behaves just like ACOS. The argument n must be in the range of -1 to 1, and ASIN returns a value in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2, expressed in radians.
Example:
To get arc sine value of .5 in radians,
SQL> SELECT ASIN(.5) FROM DUAL;
ASIN(.5)
----------
.523598776

To get arc sine value of .5 in degrees,

SQL> SELECT ASIN(.5)*180/3.1416 FROM DUAL;
ASIN(.5)*180/3.1416
-------------------
29.9999298

4)ATAN:
ATAN returns the arc tangent of n. It behaves just like ASIN, ACOS. The argument passed to this function can be in an unbounded range and returns a value in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2, expressed in radians.

To get arc tangent of 1 in radians,
SQL> SELECT ATAN(1) FROM DUAL;
ATAN(1)
----------
.785398163
To get arc tangent of value .5 in degrees,
SQL> SELECT ATAN(1) *180/3.1416 FROM DUAL;
ATAN(1)*180/3.1416
------------------
44.9998948

5)ATAN2:
This functions takes two arguments and return arc tangent of two arguments. The argument can be passed as ATAN2(n1,n2) or ATAN2(n1/n2) and both are same. The argument n1 can be in an unbounded range and this function returns a value in the range of -pi to pi, depending on the signs of n1 and n2, expressed in radians.

Example:
SQL> SELECT ATAN2(.2,.1) FROM DUAL;
ATAN2(.2,.1)
------------
1.10714872

6)BITAND: BITAND function take two integer arguments and do an AND operation between them. Suppose if we want AND operation between 10 and 7 then it AND bit by bit which is
1010(10) and
0111(7) and result is

0010 (2)
SQL> SELECT BITAND(10,7) FROM DUAL;
BITAND(10,7)
------------
2

For 1(001) and 7(111) the result is 1 (001)
SQL> SELECT BITAND(1,7) FROM DUAL;
BITAND(1,7)
-----------
1

7)CEIL
CEIL returns smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument passed in it.
SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.8) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.8)
----------
2

SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.2) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.2)
----------
2
Since the smallest greater integer than 1.2 is 2.
SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.00) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.00)
----------
1


8)COS
The function COS takes single argument in radians in return consine of the value.
To get consine value of 60 degree,
SQL> SELECT COS(60*3.14159265359/180) FROM DUAL;
COS(60*3.14159265359/180)
-------------------------
.5

9)COSH
The COSH function takes a single numeric argument and returns the hyperbolic cosine of that value.
SQL> SELECT COSH(2) from dual;
COSH(2)
----------
3.76219569

Error Description:
Whenever you try to startup the database it fails with error ORA-16038,ORA-19809, ORA-00312.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 167772160 bytes
Fixed Size 2019288 bytes
Variable Size 117440552 bytes
Database Buffers 41943040 bytes
Redo Buffers 6369280 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-16038: log 3 sequence# 572 cannot be archived
ORA-19809: limit exceeded for recovery files
ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/oradata2/data1/dbase/redo03.log'

Or in mount stage whenever you try to open the database it fails with error ORA-16014, ORA-00312.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-16014: log 3 sequence# 572 not archived, no available destinations
ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/oradata2/data1/dbase/redo03.log'

Cause of The Problem:
----------------------------------------
There was an attempt to archived the online log 3 but it could not archive the online log in the available archived log destination. The most common of happening the error is the archive log destination if full. You have flash recovery area configured and rman retention policy is failed to delete any archived or incremental backups and so can't archived new online log.

Solution of The Problem:
-------------------------------------------
Solution A:(Enough space on the drive)
1)One more check the alert log. (Not needed though)
An extra check you can do in alert log which is in background_dump_dest/alert_$ORACLE_SID.log
SQL> show parameter background_dump_dest

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
background_dump_dest string /oracle/app/oracle/product/10.
2.0/db_1/admin/dbase/bdump
$less /oracle/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/admin/dbase/bdump/alert_dbase.log
You may see the same entry is in the alert log.

2)Check the archive destination.
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 572
Next log sequence to archive 572
Current log sequence 580

So archived log destination is DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST. You can see the exact destination in OS by,
SQL> show parameter db_recover

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest string /oradata2/flash_recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_size big integer 10G

3)Increase the value of db_recovery_file_dest_size
As archive destination is full so increase the size.
SQL> alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=20G;
System altered.

4)Open the database now.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.

Solution B: Have not enough space on the drive
If you have not enough space in your disk and you have recent backup of your database and archive log is not needed then you can issue
$rman target /
RMAN>DELETE ARCHIVELOG UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE-2';

Solution C: Have not any backup
If you have not any recent backup then backup database to another location and delete archivelogs.

To do this,
$rman target /
RMAN>backup format '/oradata2/%U' archivelog all delete input database;

Solution D: Have recent backup and only need archivelog

In this case backup the archive log to another location and delete archive log from flash recovery area.
You can do this by,

$rman target /
RMAN> backup format '/oradata2/%U' archivelog all delete input;

List of Object Reference Functions
DEREF
MAKE_REF
REF
REFTOHEX
VALUE

List of Model Functions
CV
ITERATION_NUMBER
PRESENTNNV
PRESENTV
PREVIOUS

Here is the list of analytic functions in oracle as of available till 10.2g.
AVG
CORR
COVAR_POP
COVAR_SAMP
COUNT
CUME_DIST
DENSE_RANK
FIRST
FIRST_VALUE
LAG
LAST
LAST_VALUE
LEAD
MAX
MIN
NTILE
PERCENT_RANK
PERCENTILE_CONT
PERCENTILE_DISC
RANK
RATIO_TO_REPORT
REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
ROW_NUMBER
STDDEV
STDDEV_POP
STDDEV_SAMP
SUM
VAR_POP
VAR_SAMP
VARIANCE

Here is the list of aggregate functions in oracle as of available since oracle 10.2g.
AVG
COLLECT
CORR
CORR_S
CORR_K
COUNT
COVAR_POP
COVAR_SAMP
CUME_DIST
DENSE_RANK
FIRST
GROUP_ID
GROUPING
GROUPING_ID
LAST
MAX
MEDIAN
MIN
PERCENTILE_CONT
PERCENTILE_DISC
PERCENT_RANK
RANK
REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST
STATS_CROSSTAB
STATS_F_TEST
STATS_KS_TEST
STATS_MODE
STATS_MW_TEST
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA
STATS_T_TEST_ONE
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
STATS_WSR_TEST
STDDEV
STDDEV_POP
STDDEV_SAMP
SUM
VAR_POP
VAR_SAMP
VARIANCE

A)Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATAN2
BITAND
CEIL
COS
COSH
EXP
FLOOR
LN
LOG
MOD
NANVL
POWER
REMAINDER
ROUND (number)
SIGN
SIN
SINH
SQRT
TAN
TANH
TRUNC (number)
WIDTH_BUCKET

B)Character Functions that return Character Values
CHR
CONCAT
INITCAP
LOWER
LPAD
LTRIM
NLS_INITCAP
NLS_LOWER
NLSSORT
NLS_UPPER
REGEXP_REPLACE
REGEXP_SUBSTR
REPLACE
RPAD
RTRIM
SOUNDEX
SUBSTR
TRANSLATE
TREAT
TRIM
UPPER

C)NLS Character Function that return information about character set
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
NLS_CHARSET_ID
NLS_CHARSET_NAME

D)Character Functions that return Number Value
ASCII
INSTR
LENGTH
REGEXP_INSTR

E)Datetime Functions
ADD_MONTHS
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DBTIMEZONE
EXTRACT (datetime)
FROM_TZ
LAST_DAY
LOCALTIMESTAMP
MONTHS_BETWEEN
NEW_TIME
NEXT_DAY
NUMTODSINTERVAL
NUMTOYMINTERVAL
ROUND (date)
SESSIONTIMEZONE
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
SYSDATE
SYSTIMESTAMP
TO_CHAR (datetime)
TO_TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_YMINTERVAL
TRUNC (date)
TZ_OFFSET

F)General Comparison Functions
GREATEST
LEAST

G)Conversion Functions
ASCIISTR
BIN_TO_NUM
CAST
CHARTOROWID
COMPOSE
CONVERT
DECOMPOSE
HEXTORAW
NUMTODSINTERVAL
NUMTOYMINTERVAL
RAWTOHEX
RAWTONHEX
ROWIDTOCHAR
ROWIDTONCHAR
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
TO_BINARY_FLOAT
TO_CHAR (character)
TO_CHAR (datetime)
TO_CHAR (number)
TO_CLOB
TO_DATE
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_LOB
TO_MULTI_BYTE
TO_NCHAR (character)
TO_NCHAR (datetime)
TO_NCHAR (number)
TO_NCLOB
TO_NUMBER
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_SINGLE_BYTE
TO_TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
TO_YMINTERVAL
TO_YMINTERVAL
TRANSLATE ... USING
UNISTR

H)Large Object Functions
BFILENAME
EMPTY_BLOB
EMPTY_CLOB

I)Collection Functions
CARDINALITY
COLLECT
POWERMULTISET
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
SET

J)Hierarchical Function
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

K)Data Mining Functions
CLUSTER_ID
CLUSTER_PROBABILITY
CLUSTER_SET
FEATURE_ID
FEATURE_SET
FEATURE_VALUE
PREDICTION
PREDICTION_COST
PREDICTION_DETAILS
PREDICTION_PROBABILITY
PREDICTION_SET

L)XML Functions
APPENDCHILDXML
DELETEXML
DEPTH
EXTRACT (XML)
EXISTSNODE
EXTRACTVALUE
INSERTCHILDXML
INSERTXMLBEFORE
PATH
SYS_DBURIGEN
SYS_XMLAGG
SYS_XMLGEN
UPDATEXML
XMLAGG
XMLCDATA
XMLCOLATTVAL
XMLCOMMENT
XMLCONCAT
XMLFOREST
XMLPARSE
XMLPI
XMLQUERY
XMLROOT
XMLSEQUENCE
XMLSERIALIZE
XMLTABLE
XMLTRANSFORM

M)Encoding and Decoding Functions
DECODE
DUMP
ORA_HASH
VSIZE

N)NULL-Related Functions
COALESCE
LNNVL
NULLIF
NVL
NVL2

O)Environment and Identifier Functions
SYS_CONTEXT
SYS_GUID
SYS_TYPEID
UID
USER
USERENV

1)F1: Display Internet Explorer help context.

2)F11: Switch between full screen view and other view of Internet Explorer. The limitation is Tabbed browser does not support of full screen mode of Microsoft internet explorer. So to see full screen mode of IE turn off tabbed browsing.

3)TAB: Move forward through the links of a web page.

4)SHIFT+TAB: Move backward through the links of a web page as well as through the address bar and link box.

5)ALT+HOME: Load the Internet Explorer Home page.

6)ALT+RIGHT ARROW: Load the next page in the current active internet explorer window.

7)ALT+LEFT ARROW or BACKSPACE: Load the previous page in the current active internet explorer window.

8)CTRL+TAB or F6: Move forward between frames if there exists multiple frame in a page.

9)SHIFT+CTRL+TAB: Move backward between multiple frames.

10)UP ARROW: Scroll towards the beginning of a page if page document span between pages.

11)DOWN ARROW: Scroll towards the end of a page if page document span between pages.

12)PAGE DOWN: Scroll toward the end of a page by one page.

13)PAGE UP: Scroll toward the begin of a page by one page.

14)HOME: Move page look to the beginning of the document.

15)END: Move page look to the end of the document.

16)CTRL+F: Search for any given keyword inside current page.

17)F5 or CTRL+R: Reload the current page.

18)CTRL+F5: Reload the current page from server even if it is found in the local cache.

19)ESC: Escape any pop-up window or stop downloading.

20)CTRL+O or CTRL+L: A new pop-up window will appear in which you can give a new address to load in the current window.

21)CTRL+N: Open a new internet explorer window.

22)CTRL+W: Close the current internet explorer window.

23)CTRL+S: Save the current webpage.

24)CTRL+P: Print the current page or active frame.

25)CTRL+E: Open the web search box. Suppose google search engine box.

26)CTRL+I: Open the Favorites box.

27)CTRL+M: Open the History box.

28)ENTER: Activate a selected link.

29)CTRL+click: In the History or Favorites boxes, open multiple folders.
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